Symbols xxi
CHAPTER1Introduction1
1.1 What and How? 2
1.2 Physical Origins and Rate Equations 3
1.3 Relationship to Thermodynamics 12
1.4 Units and Dimensions 36
1.5 Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems: Methodology 38
1.6 Relevance of Heat Transfer 41
1.7 Summary 45
References 48
Problems 49
CHAPTER2Introduction to Conduction67
2.1 The Conduction Rate Equation 68
2.2 The Thermal Properties of Matter 70
2.3 The Heat Diffusion Equation 82
2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions 90
2.5 Summary 94
References 95
Problems 95
CHAPTER3One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction111
3.1 The Plane Wall 112
3.2 An Alternative Conduction Analysis 132
3.3 Radial Systems 136
3.4 Summary of One-Dimensional Conduction Results 142
3.5 Conduction with Thermal Energy Generation 142
3.6 Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces 154
3.7 The Bioheat Equation 178
3.8 Thermoelectric Power Generation 182
3.9 Micro- and Nanoscale Conduction 189
3.10 Summary 190
References 193
Problems 193
CHAPTER4Two-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction229
4.1 Alternative Approaches 230
4.2 The Method of Separation of Variables 231
4.3 The Conduction Shape Factor and the Dimensionless Conduction Heat Rate 235
4.4 Finite-Difference Equations 241
4.5 Solving the Finite-Difference Equations 250
4.6 Summary 256
References 257
Problems 257
CHAPTER5Transient Conduction279
5.1 The Lumped Capacitance Method 280
5.2 Validity of the Lumped Capacitance Method 283
5.3 General Lumped Capacitance Analysis 287
5.4 Spatial Effects 298
5.5 The Plane Wall with Convection 299
5.6 Radial Systems with Convection 303
5.7 The Semi-Infinite Solid 310
5.8 Objects with Constant Surface Temperatures or Surface Heat Fluxes 317
5.9 Periodic Heating 327
5.10 Finite-Difference Methods 330
5.11 Summary 345
References 346
Problems 346
CHAPTER6Introduction to Convection377
6.1 The Convection Boundary Layers 378
6.2 Local and Average Convection Coefficients 382
6.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flow 389
6.4 The Boundary Layer Equations 394
6.5 Boundary Layer Similarity: The Normalized Boundary Layer Equations 398
6.6 Physical Interpretation of the Dimensionless Parameters 407
6.7 Boundary Layer Analogies 409
6.8 Summary 417
References 418
Problems 419
CHAPTER7External Flow433
7.1 The Empirical Method 435
7.2 The Flat Plate in Parallel Flow 436
7.3 Methodology for a Convection Calculation 447
7.4 The Cylinder in Cross Flow 455
7.5 The Sphere 465
7.6 Flow Across Banks of Tubes 468
7.7 Impinging Jets 477
7.8 Packed Beds 482
7.9 Summary 483
References 486
Problems 486
CHAPTER8Internal Flow517
8.1 Hydrodynamic Considerations 518
8.2 Thermal Considerations 523
8.3 The Energy Balance 529
8.4 Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes: Thermal Analysis and Convection Correlations 537
8.5 Convection Correlations: Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes 544
8.6 Convection Correlations: Noncircular Tubes and the Concentric Tube Annulus 552
8.7 Heat Transfer Enhancement 555
8.8 Flow in Small Channels 558
8.9 Convection Mass Transfer 563
8.10 Summary 565
References 568
Problems 569
CHAPTER9Free Convection593
9.1 Physical Considerations 594
9.2 The Governing Equations for Laminar Boundary Layers 597
9.3 Similarity Considerations 598
9.4 Laminar Free Convection on a Vertical Surface 599
9.5 The Effects of Turbulence 602
9.6 Empirical Correlations: External Free Convection Flows 604
9.7 Free Convection Within Parallel Plate Channels 618
9.8 Empirical Correlations: Enclosures 621
9.9 Combined Free and Forced Convection 627
9.10 Convection Mass Transfer 628
9.11 Summary 629
References 630
Problems 631
CHAPTER10Boiling and Condensation653
10.1 Dimensionless Parameters in Boiling and Condensation 654
10.2 Boiling Modes 655
10.3 Pool Boiling 656
10.4 Pool Boiling Correlations 660
10.5 Forced Convection Boiling 669
10.6 Condensation: Physical Mechanisms 673
10.7 Laminar Film Condensation on a Vertical Plate 675
10.8 Turbulent Film Condensation 679
10.9 Film Condensation on Radial Systems 684
10.10 Condensation in Horizontal Tubes 689
10.11 Dropwise Condensation 690
10.12 Summary 691
References 691
Problems 693
CHAPTER11Heat Exchangers705
11.1 Heat Exchanger Types 706
11.2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 708
11.3 Heat Exchanger Analysis: Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference 711
11.4 Heat Exchanger Analysis: The Effectiveness–NTU Method 722
11.5 Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Calculations 730
11.6 Additional Considerations 739
11.7 Summary 747
References 748
Problems 748
CHAPTER12Radiation: Processes and Properties767
12.1 Fundamental Concepts 768
12.2 Radiation Heat Fluxes 771
12.3 Radiation Intensity 773
12.4 Blackbody Radiation 782
12.5 Emission from Real Surfaces 792
12.6 Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission by Real Surfaces 801
12.7 Kirchhoff’s Law 810
12.8 The Gray Surface 812
12.9 Environmental Radiation 818
12.10 Summary 826
References 830
Problems 830
CHAPTER13Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces861
13.1 The View Factor 862
13.2 Blackbody Radiation Exchange 872
13.3 Radiation Exchange Between Opaque, Diffuse, Gray Surfaces in an Enclosure 876
13.4 Multimode Heat Transfer 893
13.5 Implications of the Simplifying Assumptions 896
13.6 Radiation Exchange with Participating Media 896
13.7 Summary 901
References 902
Problems 903
CHAPTER14Diffusion Mass Transfer933
14.1 Physical Origins and Rate Equations 934
14.2 Mass Transfer in Nonstationary Media 939
14.3 The Stationary Medium Approximation 947
14.4 Conservation of Species for a Stationary Medium 947
14.5 Boundary Conditions and Discontinuous Concentrations at Interfaces 954
14.6 Mass Diffusion with Homogeneous Chemical Reactions 962
14.7 Transient Diffusion 965
14.8 Summary 971
References 972
Problems 972
APPENDIXAThermophysical Properties of Matter981
APPENDIXBMathematical Relations and Functions1013
APPENDIXCThermal Conditions Associated with Uniform Energy
Generation in One-Dimensional, Steady-State Systems1019
APPENDIXDThe Gauss–Seidel Method1025
APPENDIXEThe Convection Transfer Equations1027
APPENDIXFBoundary Layer Equations for Turbulent Flow1031
APPENDIXGAn Integral Laminar Boundary Layer Solution for Parallel Flow over a Flat Plate1035
Index1039